Biodegradable chelating agents for enhancing phytoremediation: Mechanisms, market feasibility, and future studies.

Heavy metals in soil significantly threaten human health, and their remediation is essential. Among the various techniques used, phytoremediation is one of the safest, most innovative, and effective. In recent years, the use of biodegradable chelators to assist plants in improving their remediation efficiency has gained popularity. These biodegradable chelators aid in the transformation of metal ions or metalloids, thereby facilitating their mobilization and uptake by plants. Developed countries are increasingly adopting biodegradable chelators for phytoremediation, with a growing emphasis on green manufacturing and technological innovation in the chelating agent market. Therefore, it is crucial to gain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and market prospects of biodegradable chelators for phytoremediation. This review focuses on elucidating the uptake, translocation, and detoxification mechanisms of chelators in plants. In this study, we focused on the effects of biodegradable chelators on the growth and environmental development of plants treated with phytoremediation agents. Finally, the potential risks associated with biodegradable chelator-assisted phytoremediation are presented in terms of their availability and application prospects in the market. This study provides a valuable reference for future research in this field.

Fermented calcium butyrate supplementation in post-peak laying hens improved ovarian function and tibia quality through the "gut-bone" axis.

The compromised egg quality and leg abnormality during the end of the laying cycle (after 40 weeks) have been leading to poor animal welfare and substantial economic losses. Therefore, the effects of fermented calcium (Ca) butyrate, produced by fermentation by Clostridium butyricum, on production, eggshell quality, and tibial property of hens were explored. A total of 192 Hy-line brown laying hens at 50-week-old were assigned to a basal diet or the basal diet with 300 mg/kg of the fermented Ca butyrate from 50 to 58 weeks of age. Each treatment had 6 replicates with 16 hens each. The diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg fermented Ca butyrate notably increased egg weight, ovarian follicle number, and eggshell strength (P = 0.072) as compared to the basal diet, which were associated with cytokine secretion, toll-like receptor signaling pathways, and intestinal immunity based on the RNA-seq data from the granulosa. Dietary Ca butyrate inclusion decreased the expression of ileal tumor necrosis factor-alpha and serum pro-inflammatory cytokine concentration, as well as increased the content of serum immunoglobulin A when compared to the basal diet (both P < 0.05). The birds that received fermented Ca butyrate diets exhibited higher villus height (P < 0.05) and upregulated expression of tight junction proteins, whereas it did not alter the composition of cecal microbiota (P > 0.05). In addition, the diet with fermented Ca butyrate reduced the number of osteoclasts in the proximal tibia and the level of C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen, a bone resorption marker (P < 0.05), whereas it tended to increase the concentration of the procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide that reflects bone formation marker in serum. Moreover, the layers fed fermented Ca butyrate diets possessed higher (P < 0.05) bone area and trabecular number of the proximal tibia, yield load, and ultimate load than those that consumed basal diets. Collectively, dietary fermented Ca butyrate supplementation in post-peak layer diets improved the ovarian function and tibia quality, which might be related to enhancing intestinal integrity and consequently decreasing inflammation mediated bone resorption.

Development and evaluation of a multiplex digital PCR method for sensitive and accurate detection of respiratory pathogens in children.

The emergence of multiplex digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) and other detection technologies for respiratory pathogens in recent years has facilitated greater understanding of respiratory virus epidemics. In this study, a multiplex dPCR method was developed and evaluated as a means of detecting five respiratory pathogens in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI). With 139 nasopharyngeal swabs collected from children with ALRTI, pathogens were detected using dPCR and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) methods. Of those specimens, dPCR detected 86 positive cases, while qPCR identified 84. Moreover, dPCR exhibited higher sensitivity than qPCR, and displayed no cross-reactivity with common respiratory pathogens. These findings suggest that dPCR-based method could become one of the most promising options for acute respiratory pathogen detection.

MICDnet: Multimodal information processing networks for Crohn's disease diagnosis.

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease with increasing incidence worldwide and unclear etiology. Its clinical manifestations vary depending on location, extent, and severity of the lesions. In order to diagnose Crohn's disease, medical professionals need to comprehensively analyze patients' multimodal examination data, which includes medical imaging such as colonoscopy, pathological, and text information from clinical records. The processes of multimodal data analysis require collaboration among medical professionals from different departments, which wastes a lot of time and human resources. Therefore, a multimodal medical assisted diagnosis system for Crohn's disease is particularly significant. Existing network frameworks find it hard to effectively capture multimodal patient data for diagnosis, and multimodal data for Crohn's disease is currently lacking. In addition,a combination of data from patients with similar symptoms could serve as an effective reference for disease diagnosis. Thus, we propose a multimodal information diagnosis network (MICDnet) to learn CD feature representations by integrating colonoscopy, pathology images and clinical texts. Specifically, MICDnet first preprocesses each modality data, then uses encoders to extract image and text features separately. After that, multimodal feature fusion is performed. Finally, CD classification and diagnosis are conducted based on the fused features. Under the authorization, we build a dataset of 136 hospitalized inspectors, with colonoscopy images of seven areas, pathology images, and clinical record text for each individual. Training MICDnet on this dataset shows that multimodal diagnosis can improve the diagnostic accuracy of CD, and the diagnostic performance of MICDnet is superior to other models.

Dietary supplementation with Clostridium butyricum and its ferment substance improves the egg quality and ovarian function in laying hens from 50 to 58 weeks of age.

The current study was conducted to explore the effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) and fermented calcium (Ca) butyrate produced by C. butyricum on the performance and egg quality of post-peak laying. A total of 384 50-week-old hens were fed a basal diet, the basal diet with 300 mg/kg of fermented Ca butyrate or 1 × 109 CFU/kg C. butyricum for 8 weeks. Hens received a C. butyricum exhibited higher yolk properties, albumen height, and Haugh unit. A diet with fermented Ca butyrate or C. butyricum increased the egg mass and the pre-grade yellow follicle number. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data showed that these observations were associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and intestinal immune status. Accordingly, when compared with the basal diet group, Ca butyrate and C. butyricum addition decreased serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and increased the concentration of immunoglobulin A, along with improved intestinal barrier. In addition, dietary C. butyricum inclusion induced a higher abundance of Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae at the family level. In summary, dietary fermented Ca butyrate or C. butyricum supplementation improved egg quality and ovarian function, which might be related to the enhanced intestinal barrier and immunity in post-peak laying hens.

Functional significance of myocardial activity at 18F-FAPI PET/CT in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy identified by cardiac magnetic resonance feature-tracking strain analysis.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the functional significance of 18F-labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (18F-FAPI) activity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) by comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance feature-tracking (CMR-FT) strain analysis. METHODS: A total of 49 HCM patients were included in this study. Two independent control groups of healthy participants with a matched age and sex to the HCM patients were also enrolled. Left ventricular (LV) 18F-FAPI activity was analyzed for extent (FAPI%) and intensity (maximum target-to-background ratio, TBRmax). The CMR tissue characterization parameters of the LV included late gadolinium enhancement, native T1 value, and extracellular volume fraction. LV strain analysis was performed in radial, circumferential, and longitudinal peak strains (PS). RESULTS: Intense LV myocardial 18F-FAPI uptake was observed in HCM patients, whereas no obvious uptake was detected in healthy participants (median TBRmax, 9.1 vs. 1.2, p < 0.001). The strain parameters of HCM patients, compared with healthy participants, were significantly impaired (mean radial PS, 23.5 vs. 36.0, mean circumferential PS, -14.5 vs. -20.0, and mean longitudinal PS, -9.9 vs. -16.0, all p < 0.001). At segmental levels, there was a moderate correlation between 18F-FAPI activity and strain parameters. The number of positive 18F-FAPI uptake segments (n = 653) was higher than that of hypertrophic segments (n = 190) and positive CMR tissue characterization segments (n = 525) (all p < 0.001). In segments with negative CMR tissue characterization findings, the strain capacity of positive 18F-FAPI uptake segments was lower than that of negative 18F-FAPI uptake segments (median radial PS, 30.5 vs. 36.1, p = 0.026 and median circumferential PS, -18.4 vs. -19.7, p = 0.041). CONCLUSION: 18F-FAPI imaging can partially reflect the potential strain reduction in HCM patients. 18F-FAPI imaging detects more involved myocardium than CMR tissue characterization techniques, and the additionally identified myocardium has impaired strain capacity.

Needing everything (or just one thing) to go right: Myopic preferences for consolidating or spreading risks.

Succeeding at a task often depends on the success or failure of component events. Such multicomponent risks can take one of two general forms. Disjunctive risks require the success of just one such component; conjunctive risks, all of them. Seven studies converge to show people prefer to consolidate disjunctive risks into fewer components and to spread conjunctive risks across more components, independent of the objective or subjective implications for the probability of overall success. These tendencies were reflected in preferences for how to approach potential investors, decisions about how much to invest in different business opportunities, and gamble valuations. Such preferences were specific to multicomponent risks as compared to single-component risks whose overall prospects for success were yoked to participants' own perceptions of a matched multicomponent risk. Participants confronted multicomponent risks myopically, swayed by whether positive or disappointing news would likely be delivered at a single point in time instead of by the overall prospects for success. Supporting this account, these preferences for consolidating or spreading risks were reduced when the components' outcomes would be revealed at once. Anticipated confidence while proceeding through the risk (even controlling for perceived probabilities of success) explained these preferences. After all, these preferred risk structures actually do allow people to traverse a multicomponent risk with more confidence that the next piece of news they receive will be positive (or not negative), though such myopic perspectives neglect just how many components will offer a chance for success (disjunctive risks) or the potential for failure (conjunctive risks). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

A time-resolved fluorescent microsphere-lateral flow immunoassay strip assay with image visual analysis for quantitative detection of Helicobacter pylori in saliva.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a kind of microaerobic and food-borne pathogen. More than 4.4 billion individuals have been infected by H. pylori and H. pylori was listed as Group I carcinogen by WHO in 1994. Considering the high infection rate of H. pylori and the limited medical resources, self-testing is helpful for diagnosis and timely treatment. Although the amount of H. pylori in human saliva is low, the sampling of saliva is simple and convenient compared with stomach, blood and stool samples. Therefore, H. pylori in human saliva can be an indicator for self-testing, and a sensitive and easy-to-use assay is necessary. In this study, we developed a time-resolved fluorescent microsphere-lateral flow immunoassay (TRFM-LFIA) strip assay with image visual analysis for detection of H. pylori in saliva. The detection of the TRFM-LFIA strip was easy to use and had a low dependency on equipment. With optimized preparation and detection parameters, the whole detection process could be finished in 8 min and the LOD by naked eyes was 102 CFU/mL. For quantitative analysis by image visual analysis, the LOD was as low as 1.05 CFU/mL in the linear range of 101-105 CFU/mL. Besides, the TRFM-LFIA strip also had good stability, reliability, repeatability and accuracy. All these advantages indicated that the TRFM-LFIA strips developed in this study had a good potential for self-testing for H. pylori infection.

A visual denaturation bubble-mediated strand exchange amplification and RGB visual analysis-based assay for quantitative detection of Helicobacter pylori in saliva.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a class I carcinogen causing gastric cancer. Almost 50% of people on earth have been infected and it is worse in developing countries. Early diagnosis of H. pylori infection is the most important strategy for preventing the spread and worse consequences. H. pylori can be isolated from human saliva, and the sampling of saliva is easy and convenient. Therefore, we developed a visual denaturation bubble-mediated strand exchange amplification and RGB visual analysis-based assay for quantitative detection of H. pylori in saliva in this study. Under the optimized reaction temperature and time, the SEA reaction could be finished in 30 min with a simple reaction system and low dependency on equipment. The detection results could be qualitatively identified by the naked eye and quantitatively analyzed by a developed RGB visual analysis method. The limit of detection (LOD) of RGB visual analysis was 10.8 CFU/mL. This assay had good specificity and anti-interference capacity. In the artificial contamination test, the recovery rate of our assay was between 99.3% and 111.5%, with RSD values ranging from 1.7% to 3.5%. These indicated our assay also had good reliability in the detection of saliva. We believe this assay showed good potential for better non-invasive diagnosis of H. pylori infection.

Myocardial Activity at 18F-FAPI PET/CT and Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Background Myocardial fibrosis contributes to adverse cardiovascular events in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Purpose To explore the characteristics of cardiac fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET/CT imaging and its relationship with the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in HCM. Materials and Methods In this prospective study from July 2021 to January 2022, participants with HCM and healthy control participants underwent cardiac fluorine 18 (18F)-labeled FAPI PET/CT imaging. Myocardial FAPI activity was quantified as intensity (target-to-background uptake ratio), extent (the percent of FAPI-avid myocardium of the left ventricle [LV]), and amount (the percent of FAPI-avid myocardium of LV × target-to-background ratio). Regional wall thickness was analyzed at cardiac MRI. The 5-year SCD risk score was calculated from the 2014 European Society of Cardiology guidelines. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses were used to identify factors related to the FAPI amount. The correlation between FAPI amount and 5-year SCD risk was explored. Results Fifty study participants with HCM (mean age, 43 years ± 13 [SD]; 32 men) and 22 healthy control participants (mean age, 45 years ± 17; 14 men) were included. All participants with HCM had intense and inhomogeneous cardiac FAPI activity in the LV myocardium that was higher than that in healthy control participants (median target-to-background ratio, 8.8 vs 2.1, respectively; P < .001). In HCM, more segments with FAPI activity were detected than the number of hypertrophic segments (median, 14 vs five, respectively; P < .001); 84% of nonhypertrophic segments showed FAPI activity. Log-transformed FAPI amount had a positive relationship with log-transformed N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide, high-sensitive troponin I, and left atrial diameter and a negative relationship with LV ejection fraction z-score. Degree of FAPI activity positively correlated with the 5-year SCD risk score (r = 0.32; P = .03). Conclusion Fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET/CT imaging indicated intense and heterogeneous activity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and FAPI uptake was associated with 5-year risk of sudden cardiac death. © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Combination of Cinnamaldehyde with Carvacrol or Thymol Improves the Mechanical Properties of Tibia in Post-Peak Laying Hens.

Roles of plant-derived cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, and thymol in the gut and bone health of laying hens was evaluated in the present study. After acclimation for 2 weeks, a total 384 of 52-week-old laying hens were allocated into three groups for 6 weeks: (1) basal diet group (Ctrl), (2) combination of cinnamaldehyde with carvacrol group (CAR+CIN), and (3) blend of cinnamaldehyde with thymol (THY+CIN). The dietary essential oil level was 100 mg/kg. Each treatment group had eight replicate pens (16 birds/pen). The stiffness and ultimate load of the tibiae from both the CAR+CIN and THY+CIN groups were higher than that of the Ctrl group (p < 0.05), along with comparable tibia ash, calcium, and phosphorus content among groups. At the same time, the manipulation of essential oils upregulated the transcription abundances of intestinal barrier proteins to varying degrees, whereas the experimental treatment failed to affect the composition in phyla of cecal microbiota. When compared to the Ctrl group, birds fed the CAR+CIN and THY+CIN diet displayed decreased bone resorption markers, reduced interleukin-1 concentrations, and increased transforming growth factor beta levels in serum. These findings suggest that cinnamaldehyde with carvacrol or thymol in feed of hens could enhance intestinal barrier and improve the mechanical properties of tibiae through structural modelling but not increase the mineral density, which might be involved in suppressing inflammation-mediated bone resorption.

Dietary cinnamaldehyde with carvacrol or thymol improves the egg quality and intestinal health independent of gut microbiota in post-peak laying hens.

Essential oils have been proven to exert multiple effects on growth performance, production quality, and health status in poultry nutrition, which is dependent on the component and/or dose of essential oils. Diets with the optimal combination of essential oils might be able to improve the performance traits and welfare of laying hens. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary essential oils, which are composed of cinnamaldehyde with carvacrol or thymol, on performance, egg quality, and intestinal health in post-peak laying hens. A total of 384, 50-week-old Hy-line brown laying hens were randomly divided into three groups with 8 replicates of 16 birds each: (1) a basal diet (Ctrl), (2) a basal diet with 100 mg/kg of essential oils consisting of 4.5% cinnamaldehyde with 13.5% carvacrol (CAR+CIN), and (3) a basal diet containing 100 mg/kg of essential oils composed of 4.5% cinnamaldehyde with 13.5% thymol (THY+CIN). The CAR+CIN diet increased the feed consumption from 52 to 55 weeks more than the Ctrl and the THY+CIN diet. Compared with the Ctrl group, the addition of essential oils decreased the dirty egg rate (P = 0.07) in the whole trial period. Regarding egg quality, the birds that received the CAR+CIN and THY+CIN diets increased the eggshell strength (P = 0.099) or Haugh unit (HU, p = 0.03) at 54 weeks, respectively. Supplementation of both CAR+CIN and THY+CIN diets significantly increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the duodenum through increasing villus height and decreasing crypt depth as well as upregulated the mRNA abundances of duodenal occluding and cadherin (P < 0.05). However, the treatment with dietary essential oils did not notably change the proportion of cecal microbiota and bacterial diversity. This study suggested that dietary supplementation of cinnamaldehyde with carvacrol or thymol, the active components of essential oils, could promote egg quality in post-peak laying hens, which might be associated with improved intestinal development and barrier.

A visual on-site biosensor for low-cost detection of chloramphenicol based on aptamer and split DNAzyme.

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a kind of broad-spectrum antibiotic, which has been forbidden in food by most countries because of its side effects. In this study, a simple and low-cost biosensor for CAP detection in food was developed. The biosensor consisted of an aptamer specific to CAP and a pair of split probes that could self-assemble as DNAzyme. The detection result could be identified by the naked eye and the visual limit was 10 nM CAP. The absorbance of final reaction products at 417 nm had a linear relationship with the logarithm of the CAP concentration in a range from 10 to 200 nM, and the limit of detection was 87.3 pM. The visual analysis by imageJ also showed a linear detection range between 25 and 200 nM. The entire detection procedure could be completed in about 1.5 h at a cost of about 0.16 dollars per reaction. We believe that the biosensor shows great potential in the rapid and sensitive detection of CAP in food.

Signal-enhanced visual strand exchange amplification detection of African swine fever virus by the introduction of multimeric G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzyme.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes hemorrhagic infectious disease in pigs with a fatality rate of nearly 100%. In this study, we developed a visual strand exchange amplification detection assay for ASFV. In the presence of ASFV, DNA amplification products containing multimeric G-quadruplex sequences were amplified by strand exchange amplification. These G-quadruplexes, assembled with hemin to form DNAzyme, displayed enhanced significant "turned-on" colorimetric signals to indicate detection results. The results showed that dimeric DNAzyme had the best visualization effect. Under the optimal reaction parameters, there was a linear relationship between the absorbance of the reaction solution at 417 nm and the logarithm of ASFV concentration ranged from 1 × 101 to 1 × 103 copies/µL, and the detection limit was 2.7 copies/µL. We hoped this visual assay could be helpful in the rapid and sensitive detection of ASFV, and the results of multimeric G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzyme could be helpful for the development of better visual detection assays.

Empirical audit and review and an assessment of evidentiary value in research on the psychological consequences of scarcity.

Empirical audit and review is an approach to assessing the evidentiary value of a research area. It involves identifying a topic and selecting a cross-section of studies for replication. We apply the method to research on the psychological consequences of scarcity. Starting with the papers citing a seminal publication in the field, we conducted replications of 20 studies that evaluate the role of scarcity priming in pain sensitivity, resource allocation, materialism, and many other domains. There was considerable variability in the replicability, with some strong successes and other undeniable failures. Empirical audit and review does not attempt to assign an overall replication rate for a heterogeneous field, but rather facilitates researchers seeking to incorporate strength of evidence as they refine theories and plan new investigations in the research area. This method allows for an integration of qualitative and quantitative approaches to review and enables the growth of a cumulative science.

Sodium Alginate Modulates Immunity, Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function, and Gut Microbiota in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed BALB/c Mice.

This study investigated the protective effects of sodium alginate (SA) on the gut microbiota, immunity, and intestinal mucosal barrier function in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed BALB/c mice. SA alleviated spleen tissue damage and restored impaired immune functions, such as increasing the immune organ index, decreasing splenic T lymphocytes, and markedly increasing the secretion of serum immunoglobulins and cytokines in immunosuppressed mice. In addition, SA reversed the intestinal mucosal injury and increased the intestinal permeability by upregulating the expression of tight junction proteins. Moreover, SA decreased gut inflammation by reducing serum d-lactic acid (D-LA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations and downregulating toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (Mapk) pathway expression. Furthermore, SA significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus, Roseburia, and Lachnospiraceae NK4A136) and decreased pathogenic bacteria (Helicobacter, Peptococcus, and Tyzzerella) in the intestine as determined by 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. In conclusion, our study provides a scientific basis for SA as a functional food in modulating gut microbiota and protecting against intestinal mucosal injury and indicates that SA has potential application for enhancing immunity.

The development and validation of a social media fatigue scale: From a cognitive-behavioral-emotional perspective.

Social media fatigue (SMF), which refers to social media users' tendency to withdraw from social media because of feeling overwhelmed, is closely related to individuals' social life and well-being. Many studies focused on understanding SMF and exploring its enablers and influences. However, few pieces of research administered a standard measurement of SMF. This study aimed to develop and validate a measure of SMF, and a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1599 participants in total. Semi-structured interviews of 30 participants were firstly conducted as a pilot study, and an initial version of the social media fatigue scale (SMFS) with 24 items was generated. Then, both exploratory factor analysis (N = 509) and confirmatory factor analysis (N = 552) as well as reliability and validity analysis (N = 508) were conducted and a 15-item SMFS was finally developed. The results demonstrated that: 1) SMF was a multi-dimension concept including a cognitive aspect, an emotional aspect and a behavioral aspect; 2) the three-dimensional structure of the SMFS (cognitive-behavioral-emotional structure) fitted the data well; 3) the McDonald's Omega coefficients for the SMFS was 0.83, suggesting that the SMFS was reliable; 4) criterion validity was satisfactory as indicated by both the significant correlations between self-rated scores of fatigue and total SMFS scores and the significant regression model of SMF on social media privacy, social media confidence, and negative feeling after comparison. Based on the Limited Capacity Model, the present study expanded SMF from a unidimensional model to a three-dimension model, and developed a 15-item SMFS. The study enriched the existing knowledge of SMF, and coined a reliable and valid tool for measuring it. Besides, concluding the typical characteristics of SMF, the study may provide some inspiration for both researchers and social media managers and operators in mitigating SMF.

Halfway to My Request Is Not Halfway to My Heart: Underestimating Appreciation for Partial Help.

When being asked for help, people sometimes can only offer part of what is requested (i.e., partial help). The present research investigates whether helpers can accurately forecast how much help-seekers appreciate this understudied form of assistance. From multiple helping scenarios and a face-to-face interaction, we demonstrate an asymmetry in helpers' and help-seeker's appraisals of partial help: Helpers anticipated less appreciation for partial help than help-seekers felt in receiving it. This asymmetry arose from helpers' greater valuation of helping outcomes over intentions to be helpful than help-seekers'. Accordingly, when helpers' intentions were discounted, this asymmetry no longer persisted. Another account-helpers feel worse for breaking norms of helping than help-seekers-was not supported. We discuss several directions for future research on the psychology of partial prosocial behaviors.